Immunokun 220 g

Beta-glucans are PAMP molecules (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) that act as immune response modifiers. They activate local macrophages and dendritic cells to positively regulate MHC class II and increase cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12), allowing them to efficiently present antigens to T lymphocytes and initiate an effective immune response. Beta-glucans stimulate a new concept called trained immunity or innate immune memory, which enables macrophages, monocytes, and natural killer cells to show an enhanced response capacity when re-encountering pathogens, both at the digestive and systemic levels.

Lysine exhibits indirect antiviral properties against feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). Cells infected with FHV-1 require arginine in the medium for viral replication. Lysine is not necessary for viral growth, but when present, it has a partially inhibitory effect on FHV-1 replication due to competitive inhibition of arginine. Supplementation with lysine in the early phase of infection reduces viral replication resulting in less severe conjunctivitis and respiratory process.

Precursor of glutamine, considered a conditionally essential amino acid, necessary during intestinal recovery. As the preferred energy substrate for rapidly proliferating cells, glutamine is necessary to maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue, thus preventing intestinal atrophy and bacterial translocation.

Improves the balance of the intestinal microbiota. Competition for nutrients, adhesion sites, and the production of antimicrobial substances (short-chain fatty acids, defensins, etc.) inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria while promoting the development of beneficial bacteria.

They capture and eliminate pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract, as they act as analogs of receptors for type 1 fimbriae, present in gram-negative pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella). They also stimulate the immune system, increasing IgA secretion and, therefore, local resistance to antigen invasion.

Prebiotic component, which means it resists digestion and reaches the colon intact where it serves as an energy source for beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus spp, Bacteroides spp, and Bifidobacterium spp), thus stimulating their growth and/or activity. As a result of its fermentation, the production of toxic substances (ammonia and biogenic amines) decreases and the release of short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, lactate, and butyrate) into the intestinal lumen increases, reducing the presence of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and C. perfringens), thanks to the reduction of colonic pH.

Inflammation generates a large amount of free radicals, which in turn accelerate the inflammatory process. Vitamin E is one of the most effective antioxidants to protect the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids that make up cell membranes. It prevents lipid oxidation by eliminating peroxyl radicals before they can react with fatty acids or proteins of adjacent cell membranes.

It is the most potent reducing agent available to cells. Vitamin C regenerates the enzyme glutathione, neutralizes free radicals both intra- and extracellularly, and protects against free radical-mediated protein inactivation associated with oxidative neutrophil rupture.

It acts as a cofactor of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that protects tissues against oxidative stress by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and organic hydroperoxides and by regenerating vitamin E.

Maintains the function and integrity of the intestinal barrier at the level of tight junctions, thus preventing the entry of antigens, toxins, and pathogenic bacteria that cause inflammation.